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Unit 4 He said I was hard-working. 同步语法解析

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    Unit 4 He said I was hard-working. 同步语法解析
    山东肥城仪阳初级中学　崔　伟
    【本单元例句呈现】
    

    Direct speech 直接引语
    
    Reported speech 直接引语
    

    I am mad at Marcia.
    我生马西娅的气了。
    
    She said she was mad at Marcia.
    她说她生马西娅的气了。
    

    I am having a party for Lana.
    我正为拉娜举行聚会。
    
    She said she was having a party for Lana.
    她说她为拉娜举行了聚会。
    

    I go to the beach every Saturday.
    我每星期六去海滩。
    
    He said he went to the beach every Saturday.
    他说他每星期六去海滩。
    

    I will call you tomorrow.
    明天我将给你打电话。
    
    He told me he would call me tomorrow the next day.
    他告诉我他明天将给我打电话。
    

    I can speak three languages.
    我会讲三种语言。
    
    She said she could speak three languages.
    他说他会讲三种语言。
    

    【概念讲解】
    以上方框中的句子讲述的是一个新的语法：直接引语和直接引语（Direct speech and Reported speech）。
    1. 定义：
    （1）直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。（直接引语一般前后要加引号）
    Mr. Black said, "I'm busy." 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”。
    （2）用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。（间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句，不用引号）
    Mr. Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。
    2. 直接引语变间接引语在以下几方面发生变化：
    直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词要调整。
    （1）直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时要用连词that引导，连词that也可省略。
    Tom said, "We are listening to the pop music."
    →Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
    （2）直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时要用连词if或whether引导。从句再改成陈述句语序，时态随主句的时态而变化。主句中的谓语动词为said时，要改为asked. 没有间接引语时，可以加一个间接宾语（me, him或us等）。
    "Do you know where she lives?" he asked.
    →He asked if / whether I knew where she lived.
    （3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时用相应的疑问词引导，从句要改成陈述句语序，时态随主句的时态而变化。如：who, whom, what, whose, how, when, why, where等。
    "What can I do for you?' he asked me.
    →He asked (me) what he could do for you .
    （4）直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等动词，其句型为：tell / ask / order sb. to do sth.的形式。若原句是否定句，变成间接引语时在动词不定式前加not，即tell / ask / order sb. not to do sth.的形式。
    "Stop making so much noise, children." he said.
    →He asked the children to stop making so much noise.
    "Don't tell him the news." she said.
    →She told me not to tell him the news
    （5）直接引语是客观事实、永恒真理，变成间接引语时时态不变，用一般现在时。
    The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west."
    →The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.
    总结：直接引语变直接引语的方法如下：
    人称变化跟句意（一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新）
    所用时态看主句（主现在，从随意，主过去，从过去）（注意：当转述客观真理时，无论主句用何种时态，从句都用一般现在时）
    陈述语序要牢记
    引导词看句式（陈述句用that, 一般疑问句用if或whether, 特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词，祈使句动词变to do）
    3. 在间接引语中要根据意思将直接引语中的人称、时态和表示时间、地点等的词作相应的改变。
    （1）人称的变化：
    Direct speech直接引语 → Reported speech间接引语
    I am mad at Marcia. → She said she was mad at Marcia.
    I like English. → He said he liked English.
    We are having a class. → They said they were having a class
    He can speak English. → Lucy said he could speak English.
    I will go shopping after school. → She told me she would go shopping after school.
    

    
    直接引语
    
    间接引语
    

    人称
    
    I
    we
    
    he 或 she
    they
    

    （2）时态的变化：
    主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面作相应的变化。（如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态无须变化。）
    

    直接引语
    Direct speech
    
    间接引语
    Reported speech
    

    一般现在时
    
    一般过去时
    

    现在进行时
    
    过去进行时
    

    现在完成时
    
    过去完成时
    

    一般过去时
    
    过去完成时
    

    一般将来时
    
    过去将来时
    

    （3）指示代词、地点状语、动词和时间状语的变化：
    

    指示代词
    
    this 
    these
    
    that
    those
    

    地点状语
    
    here
    
    there
    

    动词
    
    come 
    bring
    must
    will / may / can
    
    go 
    take
    had to
    would / might/could
    

    

    时
    间
    状
    语
    
    now
    
    then
    

    today
    
    that day
    

    tonight
    
    that night
    

    yesterday
    
    the day before
    

    tomorrow
    
    the next (following) day
    

    last month (week), etc
    
    the month (week, etc.) before
    

    next month (week, etc.)
    
    the next (following) month (week, etc.)
    

    four months (week, etc.) ago
    
    four months (weeks, etc.) before
    

    the day after tomorrow
    
    two days late (in two days time)
    

    the day before yesterday
    
    two days before
    

    注：直接引语转换成间接引语时的变化根据实际情况而定。假如就在当天转述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等就不需改变；如果在当地转述，here也不必改为there, come 也不必改为 go.
    【用法点拨】
    对于初二学生来说，要熟练掌握直接引语与直接引语的互换，其目的是训练学生对下一步接触宾语从句打下良好的基础。但要想在考试中取得好成绩则必须熟练记忆以上所讲述的知识点。因为基础打好了，到了初三在学习更多的语法知识时，学生才不致于“丈二和尚摸不着头脑”。关于直接引语变间接引语的考查，总结常见题型如下：
    Ⅰ. 句型转换
    (1) "You can do better." My math teacher said to me. (变为间接引语)
    My math teacher told me ____ ____ ____ better.
    (2) She said she didn't want to watch TV. (对划线部分提问)
    ___________ _________ she ___________?
    (3) "Are you interested in this?" he said.
    He ______ ______ I was interested in ______.
    (4) He said to me, "I will call you tomorrow." (改为间接引语)
                                                               
    (5) "What are you doing these days?" he asked. (改为间接引语)
                                                            
    (6) "Don't tell him the news." she said. (改为间接引语)
    She told me _______ ______ ______ him the news
    (7) Dave said he would have noodles for breakfast. (变为直接引语)
    Dave said, "____ ____ ____ noodles for breakfast."
    以上（1）（4）小题直接引语的从句是陈述句直接用连词that引导即可，不过人称与时态和时间状语要做相应的变化；（2）小题则是对从句的提问，关键要把握好时态，看划线提问要提问什么即可；（3）题和（5）题直接引语的从句分别是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句在变成间接引语时引导词分别是if / whether和相应的特殊疑问词，语序要变成陈述句的语序；（6）小题则是祈使句的否定形式，变成间接引语时在动词不定式前加not，即tell / ask / order sb. not to do sth.的形式；（7）小题要考察学生的逆向思维由间接引语变成直接引语，也要注意人称、时态和状语的变化。
    Ⅱ.单项选择
    (1) Linda said that they ____ an English evening party the next day.
    A. would have      B. will have     C. are having     D. was having
    (2) She said she ____ three languages.    
    A. could say      B. could speak      C. can say       D. could talk
    (3) The teacher said the earth ____ round the sun.
    A. go      B. goes    C. went     D. is going
    (4) Can you tell me ____?
    A. where they are                 B. where are they
    C. where they were now       D. where were they now
    (5) He said that he ____ at 5:00 pm tomorrow.
    A. will come      B. comes      C. came      D. would come
    以上（1）（2）（3）（5）几个小题均按照直接引语变间接引语的方法去做便可，但第（4）小题要注意的是当主句为一般现在时时从句的时态无需发生变化，即用一般现在时就行。
    Ⅲ.汉译英     
    (1) 她告诉我她正为Lana举办一个惊奇的聚会。
    She told me she ________ a surprise party for Lana.
    (2) 这个女孩说：“周六我可以带些饮料和零食。”
    The girl said, "I ____ ____ some drinks and snacks on Saturday."
    (3) 吉姆问玛丽他们是否是朋友。
    Jim asked Mary ___ they ____ friends.
    (4) 老师告诉我们不要在马路上玩。
    The teacher told us ___________ on the road.
    【错例探究】
    直接引语变间接引语的考察往往在人称、时态、时间状语的变化上出错较多。如以下所示：
    (1) 他问我住哪个房间。（汉译英）
    He asked me _______ _______ I _______in.
    此题易错点一在于引导词选用，多数学生直接“where”，易错点二是时态运用错误，从句时态要跟主句时态而定。因此正确答案是：which room; lived
    (2) He said: "Light travels much faster than sound." (变为间接引语)
    He said ____ that light ____ travels much faster than sound.
    本题易错点在于当转述客观真理时，无论主句用何种时态，从句都用一般现在时。所以正确答案是：that; travels
    (3) Tom said he ____ to school the next Sunday.
    A. didn't go       B. isn't go        C. wouldn't go      D. won't go
    此题易错点在于学生没有把握好从句的时态，有的学生选择了A，错误在于他做题虎头蛇尾，后面的时间状语是the next Sunday，应选择过去将来时，因此正确答案是C.
    附：【用法点拨】练习答案
    句型转换：
    (1) I could do  (2) What did; say   (3) asked if / whether; that   (4) He asked you could call me the next day.   (5) He asked us what you were doing those days?   (6) not to tell     (7) I will have
    单项选择：
    (1) A   (2) B    (3) B   (4) A   (5) D
    汉译英：
    (1) was having    (2) can bring    (3) if were    (4) not to play (责任编辑：admin)
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